(rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 25 Cdo 493\/2015)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anton\u00edn Vesel\u00fd, paralegal<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u016f\u017ee se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee je sport samostatn\u00fdm odv\u011btv\u00edm \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edm se vlastn\u00edmi pravidly. Do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry ano, ale ani sportovci nejsou vy\u0148ati z p\u016fsobnosti pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, a dopadaj\u00ed na n\u011b normy \u201eklasick\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/em>. V t\u00e9to oblasti tak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00edm spor\u016fm (viz p\u0159\u00edpad M. Ha\u0161ka ml.) \u010di p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm, na n\u011b\u017e je nutno aplikovat normy trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Odpov\u011bdnost za skluz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Jedn\u00edm ze st\u011b\u017eejn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed v oblasti n\u00e1hrady \u0161kody je rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 25 Cdo 493\/2015. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u0159e\u0161il Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy hr\u00e1\u010d fotbalov\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu (hr\u00e1\u010d 1) b\u011bhem z\u00e1pasu tzv. skluzem p\u0159i souboji o balon zp\u016fsobil protihr\u00e1\u010di (po\u0161kozen\u00fd) t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tivou zlomeninu holen\u00ed kosti a zlomeninu l\u00fdtkov\u00e9 kosti. Po\u0161kozen\u00fd hr\u00e1\u010d n\u00e1sledn\u011b hr\u00e1\u010de 1 \u017ealoval o n\u00e1hradu vznikl\u00e9 \u0161kody. Svou \u017ealobu zalo\u017eil prim\u00e1rn\u011b na \u00a7 415 star\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (utk\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u011bhlo v roce 2012): \u201eKa\u017ed\u00fd je povinen po\u010d\u00ednat si tak, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo ke \u0161kod\u00e1m na zdrav\u00ed, na majetku, na p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/em>.\u201c (v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m ob\u010dansk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u00edku upravuje tzv. preven\u010dn\u00ed povinnost ustanoven\u00ed \u00a7 2900, kter\u00e9 z ustanoven\u00ed \u00a7 415 ob\u010d. z. vych\u00e1z\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n P\u0159edpoklady odpov\u011bdnosti za \u0161kodu zp\u016fsobenou sportovn\u00edm z\u00e1krokem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b posoudit, zda chov\u00e1n\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010de 1 bylo v rozporu s pravidly fotbalov\u00e9ho utk\u00e1n\u00ed (hr\u00e1\u010d obdr\u017eel za z\u00e1krok \u017elutou kartu \u2013 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed trest). Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee skluz jako takov\u00fd nen\u00ed pravidly striktn\u011b zak\u00e1zanou technikou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 skluz proveden\u00fd v rozporu s pravidly automaticky neprokazuje brutalitu a nesportovnost hr\u00e1\u010de 1, jak se dovol\u00e1val po\u0161kozen\u00fd. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, samotn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel sice je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem pro zalo\u017een\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti za \u0161kodu, nikoli v\u0161ak jedin\u00fdm. V souvislosti s t\u00edmto posouzen\u00edm Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud pouk\u00e1zal, \u017ee je t\u0159eba zohlednit samotn\u00fd charakter uveden\u00e9ho sportu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e fotbal vyhodnotil jako dynamick\u00fd sport, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu kontaktu hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f (a kontakt je p\u0159\u00edmo \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed). <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201e\u2026Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se takov\u00e9ho sportu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed, si mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tohoto rizika v\u011bdom a ur\u010ditou, v dan\u00e9m druhu sportu obvyklou m\u00edru rizika tedy v\u011bdom\u011b akceptuje. Pokud dojde ke zran\u011bn\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010de, je nam\u00edst\u011b posoudit nejen, zda spoluhr\u00e1\u010dem proveden\u00fd hern\u00ed z\u00e1krok byl v souladu s p\u0159edepsan\u00fdmi pravidly hry, ale t\u00e9\u017e za jak\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed k n\u011bmu do\u0161lo\u2026\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201e\u2026rozhod\u010d\u00ed neposoudil jedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealovan\u00e9ho p\u0159i st\u0159etu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f jako pou\u017eit\u00ed nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 s\u00edly, brutality, \u00famysln\u00e9, n\u00e1siln\u00e9 nebo se z\u00e1m\u011brem zranit spoluhr\u00e1\u010de. Takov\u00fd v\u00fdklad odpov\u00edd\u00e1 i judikatu\u0159e soud\u016f N\u011bmecka a Rakouska, jejich\u017e pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy jsou na\u0161emu nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed\u2026\u201c <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201e\u2026p\u0159i opa\u010dn\u00e9m v\u00fdkladu (nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch po\u017eadavc\u00edch na opatrnost hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f) by fotbal p\u0159estal b\u00fdt atraktivn\u00ed hrou, nebo\u0165 hr\u00e1\u010di by v obav\u011b ze soudn\u00edch spor\u016f p\u0159estali soupe\u0159it, a t\u00edm by tento sport ztratil zcela smysl.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee ne ka\u017ed\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed sportovn\u00edch pravidel zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za \u00fajmu na zdrav\u00ed dle \u00a7 415 ob\u010d. z. (resp. \u00a7 2900 OZ). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Je v\u0161ak na m\u00edst\u011b zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 situace mus\u00ed b\u00fdt individu\u00e1ln\u011b posouzena a vyhodnocena. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" (rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 25 Cdo 493\/2015) Anton\u00edn Vesel\u00fd, paralegal M\u016f\u017ee se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee je sport samostatn\u00fdm odv\u011btv\u00edm \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edm se vlastn\u00edmi pravidly. Do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry ano, ale ani sportovci…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6111,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,44],"tags":[48,47],"class_list":["post-6110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-clanky","category-obcanske-pravo","tag-nehoda","tag-zraneni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6110"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6112,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6110\/revisions\/6112"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6111"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}