{"id":6113,"date":"2020-10-03T10:34:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-03T08:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/?p=6113"},"modified":"2023-01-03T11:14:21","modified_gmt":"2023-01-03T10:14:21","slug":"vzdani-se-prava-na-nahradu-ujmy-jako-podminka-poskytnuti-pomoci-ze-strany-statu-covid-i-covid-ii-antivirus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/2020\/10\/03\/vzdani-se-prava-na-nahradu-ujmy-jako-podminka-poskytnuti-pomoci-ze-strany-statu-covid-i-covid-ii-antivirus\/","title":{"rendered":"Vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se pr\u00e1va na n\u00e1hradu \u00fajmy jako podm\u00ednka poskytnut\u00ed pomoci ze strany st\u00e1tu (COVID-I, COVID-II, ANTIVIRUS)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Anton\u00edn Vesel\u00fd,<\/em><\/strong> paralegal<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jist\u011b se v\u0161ichni shodneme, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace nen\u00ed zcela b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nen\u00ed pro nikoho jednoduch\u00e1. Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska m\u016f\u017eeme hovo\u0159it o bezprecedentn\u00ed situaci, kterou o to v\u00edce zhor\u0161uj\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed i jin\u00e9 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstupy Vl\u00e1dy \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00edm pochopiteln\u011b nechci \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou \u0161patn\u00e1, proto\u017ee bych se nerad vm\u011b\u0161oval do mechanism\u016f, kter\u00e9 mne p\u0159esahuj\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zmate\u010dnost, nep\u0159ehlednost a mnohdy a\u017e nahodilost na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru n\u00e1roda neposiluje. A bu\u010fme zcela up\u0159\u00edmn\u00ed, pokud se n\u00e1m sami \u010dlenov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy mezi sebou dohaduj\u00ed na Twitteru, budou se do stejn\u00fdch \u0161arv\u00e1tek pou\u0161t\u011bt i ob\u010dan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Debata na diskusn\u00edch f\u00f3rech se zdramatizovala po rozhodnut\u00ed M\u011bstsk\u00e9ho soudu v Praze ve v\u011bci sp. zn. 14 A 41\/2020, ve kter\u00e9m soud rozhodl o zru\u0161en\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed Ministerstva zdravotnictv\u00ed vydan\u00fdch v souvislosti s v\u00fdskytem onemocn\u011bn\u00ed COVID-19 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedna strana poukazuje na slo\u017eitost cel\u00e9 situace a vl\u00e1du omlouv\u00e1, druh\u00e1 strana kontruje argumenty o amat\u00e9rstv\u00ed vl\u00e1dn\u00edch \u010dinitel\u016f. Objevuje se v\u0161ak i dal\u0161\u00ed skupina, kter\u00e1 bere rozhodnut\u00ed jako fakt a zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed se sp\u00ed\u0161e nad mo\u017en\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky ve vztahu k n\u00e1hrad\u011b \u0161kody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ijde podnikatel p\u0159ijet\u00edm pomoci o pr\u00e1vo na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Vedle polemik ohledn\u011b rozsahu n\u00e1hrad lze zaznamenat i obavy z vypo\u010d\u00edtavosti vl\u00e1dy. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, \u017ee si st\u00e1t v\u0161e pojistil t\u00edm, \u017ee do \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc, resp. n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch dohod uzav\u00edran\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci programu Antivirus, ukryl ustanoven\u00ed o vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se jin\u00fdch n\u00e1rok\u016f p\u0159i p\u0159ijet\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed podpory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy se podnikatel\u00e9 boj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ijet\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nab\u00edzen\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch podpor se vzdaj\u00ed mo\u017enosti po\u017eadovat n\u00e1hradu \u0161kod (nap\u0159\u00edklad ztr\u00e1tu zisku). Zde je nutno \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v tzv. \u201ep\u011btadvac\u00edtce\u201c takov\u00e9to ustanoven\u00ed nenalezneme, otazn\u00edk v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 u bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f vl\u00e1dn\u00ed pomoci nazvan\u00e9 \u201eCOVID I\u201c<\/em> a \u201eCOVID II\u201c<\/em>, kter\u00e9 kolem sebe maj\u00ed auru tajemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hrad v Karpatech. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b a stru\u010dn\u011b k odpov\u011bdnosti <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Poj\u010fme si tedy simulovat situaci, v n\u00ed\u017e st\u00e1t skute\u010dn\u011b \u0161ikovn\u011b zakomponoval ustanoven\u00ed o vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se n\u00e1roku na n\u00e1hradu \u00fajmy. R\u00e1d bych tedy rozvedl svou \u00favahu, pro\u010d by se k t\u011bmto ustanoven\u00edm nep\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eelo.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk p\u0159ijat\u00fd v roce 2012 se v \u00faprav\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti za \u0161kodu rozhodl nav\u00e1zat na ustanoven\u00ed ABGB, \u010d\u00edm\u017e do\u0161lo k odklonu od star\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (z. \u010d. 40\/1964 Sb.). Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed duality pr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti \u2013 odpov\u011bdnost smluvn\u00ed (kontraktn\u00ed) a mimosmluvn\u00ed (deliktn\u00ed). Jak ji\u017e n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, kontraktn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost vznik\u00e1 poru\u0161en\u00edm z\u00e1vazku uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho mezi stranami. Deliktn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost pak vznik\u00e1 bu\u010f jin\u00fdm protipr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u00fakonem (tedy ne poru\u0161en\u00edm smluvn\u00edho z\u00e1vazku) nebo \u0161kodn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, se kterou je normativn\u011b spojena odpov\u011bdnost. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace, kdy z d\u016fvodu pandemie a vl\u00e1dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed na stran\u011b podnikatel\u016f k \u00fajm\u011b, spad\u00e1 do odpov\u011bdnosti deliktn\u00ed. Tedy nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud nastane situace, \u017ee v d\u016fsledku vl\u00e1dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed dojde ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b zisku podnikatele, je za tuto \u00fajmu podnikatele pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00fd st\u00e1t na z\u00e1klad\u011b krizov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona (By\u0165 se lze setkat i s n\u00e1zory opa\u010dn\u00fdmi). Nyn\u00ed v\u0161ak vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: lze se t\u011bchto n\u00e1rok\u016f p\u0159edem vzd\u00e1t? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e(Ne)platnost\u201c vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se pr\u00e1va<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Star\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk v \u00a7 574 odst. 2 stanovoval, \u017ee dohoda, kterou se n\u011bkdo vzd\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1v, je\u017e mohou v budoucnosti teprve vzniknout je neplatn\u00e1. Toto ustanoven\u00ed bylo kogentn\u00ed. Nov\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk se od tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu odch\u00fdlil, zakotvil mo\u017enost vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se pr\u00e1va, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b v \u00a7 2898 stanovil limity smluvn\u00ed volnosti. Dle tohoto ustanoven\u00ed se po\u0161kozen\u00fd nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edem vzd\u00e1t pr\u00e1va na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u00famysln\u011b, z hrub\u00e9 nedbalosti, anebo jde-li o \u010dlov\u011bka a po\u0161kozen\u00ed jeho p\u0159irozen\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. O tyto p\u0159\u00edpady tedy nejde. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Velmi podstatn\u00e1 v\u0161ak je druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ustanoven\u00ed, kter\u00e1 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201enep\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se ani k ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edem vylu\u010duje nebo omezuje pr\u00e1vo slab\u0161\u00ed strany na n\u00e1hradu jak\u00e9koli \u00fajmy. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech se pr\u00e1va na n\u00e1hradu nelze ani platn\u011b vzd\u00e1t.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podnikatel jako slab\u0161\u00ed smluvn\u00ed strana<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 hodnotit sou\u010dasnou situaci, p\u0159esto si dovoluji tvrdit, \u017ee podnikatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed zabezpe\u010dit p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed sv\u00fdch podnik\u016f s vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u0161ech mo\u017enost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jim jsou nab\u00edzeny, se rychle dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do pozice slab\u0161\u00ed strany. Jsou postaveni p\u0159ed hotovou v\u011bc. P\u0159i sjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dohod se st\u00e1tem nemohou o jejich obsahu jakkoli vyjedn\u00e1vat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ostatn\u011b p\u0159edstavte si situaci, kdy se v\u00e1m p\u0159ed o\u010dima m\u016f\u017ee hroutit V\u00c1\u0160 podnik, nad n\u00edm\u017e jste tr\u00e1vili ka\u017edou volnou chv\u00edli, denn\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli, jak jej vylep\u0161it a posunout\u2026 Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee v t\u00e9to situaci by mnoz\u00ed z n\u00e1s podepsali i \u010f\u00e1bl\u016fv \u00fapis (t\u00edm samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nechci nijak p\u0159irovn\u00e1vat). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tak jak to tedy je?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Jak\u00e9 tedy budou dopady v na\u0161em fiktivn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b? Pokud by ustanoven\u00ed o vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se n\u00e1roku na n\u00e1hradu \u00fajmy bylo za\u010dlen\u011bno do \u017e\u00e1dosti o finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc nebo dohody uzav\u00edran\u00e9 se st\u00e1tem, dle m\u00e9ho by se k nim nep\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eelo. K \u201eneplatnosti\u201c<\/em> by m\u011bl soud p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnout i bez n\u00e1vrhu po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho (ex offo) na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00a7 588 ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku, a to proto, \u017ee takov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed odporuje z\u00e1konu a vzhledem k rozsahu a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situaci zjevn\u011b naru\u0161uje ve\u0159ejn\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00edmto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkem jsem cht\u011bl vyj\u00e1d\u0159it my\u0161lenku, \u017ee i kdyby se takov\u00e1to \u201epojistka\u201c<\/em> ze strany st\u00e1tu v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch dokumentech objevila, nemus\u00ed to nutn\u011b znamenat, \u017ee podnikatel p\u0159ijde o mo\u017enost dovol\u00e1vat se n\u00e1hrady \u0161kody. Spr\u00e1vnost m\u00e9 \u00favahy v\u0161ak bude muset kone\u010dn\u011b posoudit a\u017e nez\u00e1visl\u00fd soud. V\u00fd\u0161e vzpom\u00ednan\u00fd rozsudek M\u011bstsk\u00e9ho soudu v Praze n\u00e1m ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee nen\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b h\u00e1zet flintu do \u017eita. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anton\u00edn Vesel\u00fd, paralegal Jist\u011b se v\u0161ichni shodneme, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace nen\u00ed zcela b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nen\u00ed pro nikoho jednoduch\u00e1. Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska m\u016f\u017eeme hovo\u0159it o bezprecedentn\u00ed situaci, kterou o to v\u00edce zhor\u0161uj\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6114,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,44],"tags":[45,51,52],"class_list":["post-6113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-clanky","category-obcanske-pravo","tag-covid","tag-covid19","tag-koronavirus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6113"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6115,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6113\/revisions\/6115"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}