{"id":6116,"date":"2020-12-27T10:36:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-27T09:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/?p=6116"},"modified":"2023-01-03T11:14:05","modified_gmt":"2023-01-03T10:14:05","slug":"vybrzdovani-pohledem-trestniho-prava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/2020\/12\/27\/vybrzdovani-pohledem-trestniho-prava\/","title":{"rendered":"Vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed pohledem trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Anton\u00edn Vesel\u00fd<\/strong>, paralegal<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Hawking kdysi prohl\u00e1sil: \u201eAgresivita, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zlozvyk lidstva, zni\u010d\u00ed civilizaci<\/em>.\u201c P\u0159i tomto cit\u00e1tu se mo\u017en\u00e1 mnoh\u00fdm z v\u00e1s vybav\u00ed krvav\u00e9 z\u00e1b\u011bry z v\u00e1lek, jin\u00fdm asi jen rann\u00ed cesta autem do pr\u00e1ce. Je smutn\u00fdm faktem, \u017ee se silnice st\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji jevi\u0161t\u011bm pln\u00fdm agrese a nen\u00e1visti v\u016f\u010di druh\u00fdm, kte\u0159\u00ed si jen dovolili \u0159\u00eddit pomaleji a opatrn\u011bji. I zde je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 m\u00edt na mysli, \u017ee jak\u00e9koliv jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sledky, a to i pr\u00e1vn\u00ed. T\u011b\u017eko se pak divit, kdy\u017e v\u00edd\u00e1me agresivn\u00ed \u0159idi\u010de na lavici obvin\u011bn\u00fdch pro podez\u0159en\u00ed ze sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I.<\/strong> Trocha statistiky na \u00favod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Automobil se od sv\u00e9ho vzniku dostal do podv\u011bdom\u00ed lid\u00ed jako snadno dostupn\u00fd a mnohdy ji\u017e neodmysliteln\u00fd prost\u0159edek b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Nen\u00ed tedy p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee dle statistik European Automobile Manufacturers Association se v roce 2018 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b vyrobilo 98,1 milion\u016f vozidel.  Bez pov\u0161imnut\u00ed by nem\u011bla z\u016fstat informace Ministerstva dopravy \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee k 18. 9. 2018 byl po\u010det platn\u00fdch \u0159idi\u010dsk\u00fdch pr\u016fkaz\u016f v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice 6 078 136.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I p\u0159es rapidn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj technologi\u00ed a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch prvk\u016f, pat\u0159\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vozidla k nejrizikov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u010dinnostem. Dle statistiky Policie \u010cesk\u00e9[2]<\/sup><\/a> republiky do\u0161lo v roce 2019 na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed k 107 572 nehod\u00e1m, z toho v 20 806 p\u0159\u00edpadech se jednalo o autonehody s n\u00e1sledky na \u017eivot\u011b a zdrav\u00ed[3]<\/sup><\/a>. Statistika d\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinnou nehod \u0159idi\u010d\u016f motorov\u00fdch vozidel je nespr\u00e1vn\u00fd zp\u016fsob j\u00edzdy (67,7 %). Rizikovost silni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy d\u00e1le umoc\u0148uje agresivn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0159idi\u010d\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 doba stav\u00ed mnoho lid\u00ed pod spole\u010densk\u00fd, pracovn\u00ed \u010di osobn\u00ed tlak, kter\u00fd v nich vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 negativn\u00ed emoce.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Z\u00e1rove\u0148 neust\u00e1le roste hustota silni\u010dn\u00edho provozu. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k omezov\u00e1n\u00ed plynulosti dopravy nap\u0159\u00edklad z d\u016fvod\u016f oprav. Tyto faktory jsou d\u016fvodem zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se agresivity \u0159idi\u010d\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zdroje uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee nep\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje a\u017e 40 % dopravn\u00edch nehod. Pod m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formy tohoto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed lze za\u0159adit nap\u0159\u00edklad vulg\u00e1rn\u00ed nad\u00e1vky p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme polemizovat, \u017ee vulgarity v\u011bt\u0161inou obt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed jen p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 spolupasa\u017e\u00e9ry ve vozidle, ale m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159er\u016fst v jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e zasahuje do sf\u00e9ry ostatn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f silni\u010dn\u00edho provozu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.<\/strong> Vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00edm z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch projevu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed agresivity v doprav\u011b je tzv. vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>. Ur\u010ditou definici vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme nal\u00e9zt v usnesen\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 3 Tdo 1155\/2018<\/strong>: \u201eVybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve zm\u011bn\u011b sm\u011bru j\u00edzdy na kr\u00e1tkou vzd\u00e1lenost, br\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed velmi intenzivn\u011b a zastaven\u00ed v j\u00edzdn\u00edm pruhu, nav\u00edc v reakci na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed vybr\u017e\u010fovan\u00e9ho \u0159idi\u010de, j\u00edm\u017e se c\u00edtil obvin\u011bn\u00fd v pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u0159edchoz\u00ed j\u00edzdy omezen, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v d\u016fsledku jedn\u00e1n\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt ke zni\u010den\u00ed vozidla obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho i po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho<\/em>\u201c.  Je tedy podstatn\u00e9, \u017ee \u0159idi\u010d ke sv\u00e9mu nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu man\u00e9vru p\u0159istoup\u00ed, ani\u017e je k tomu donucen okolnostmi provozu \u010di technick\u00fdmi d\u016fvody. Jak d\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud v usnesen\u00ed sp. zn. 6 Tdo 1027\/2012<\/strong>: \u201ePrudk\u00e9 a bezd\u016fvodn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rychlosti vozidla \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho pachatelem, kter\u00e9 u\u010dinil v \u00famyslu vytrestat<\/strong> \u0159idi\u010de vozidla jedouc\u00edho za n\u00edm a kter\u00e9 vedlo \u010di mohlo v\u00e9st k dopravn\u00ed nehod\u011b\u2026<\/em>\u201c. Je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee c\u00edlem vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed je uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 formy osobn\u00ed msty. Obdobn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru je i \u0159editel a zakladatel Dopravn\u00ed akademie Robert Kot\u00e1l<\/strong>, kter\u00fd ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u201eTakto jednaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159idi\u010di se sna\u017e\u00ed n\u011bkoho vytrestat, d\u00e1t mu za vyu\u010denou, pomst\u00edt se. Ty jsi mi hned neuhnul, tak j\u00e1 ti te\u010f uk\u00e1\u017eu, kdo je tady p\u00e1nem.<\/em>\u201c[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d agresivitu za volantem konkr\u00e9tn\u011b nikterak neupravuje, jak pouk\u00e1zal ji\u017e v roce 2011 ve sv\u00e9m rozhovoru pro iRozhlas JUDr. Jan Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ednek, Ph.D.<\/strong>: \u201eProbl\u00e9m st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fapravy je, \u017ee agresivita je v n\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b skryt\u00e1, respektive st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00faprava na ni p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepamatuje<\/em>.\u201c[6]<\/sup><\/a>  P\u0159esto je pochopiteln\u00e9, \u017ee jej nenech\u00e1v\u00e1 tzv. \u201ebez pov\u0161imnut\u00ed\u201c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Nedbalost aneb chybovat je lidsk\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u016f\u017ee ov\u0161em nastat situace, kdy k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se na prvn\u00ed pohled jev\u00ed jako \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9 vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, dojde i bez z\u00e1m\u011bru \u0159idi\u010de \u201epotrestat\u201c vozidlo za sebou. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nezku\u0161en\u00fd \u0161of\u00e9r, kter\u00fd si pod tlakem splete ped\u00e1l nebo \u0159idi\u010d, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 neadekv\u00e1tn\u00ed obuv (nap\u0159\u00edklad pracovn\u00ed obuv s \u0161irokou pevnou \u0161pi\u010dkou), a t\u00edm dojde k zhor\u0161en\u00ed koordinace pohybu nohy a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu se\u0161l\u00e1pnut\u00ed brzdov\u00e9ho ped\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed pro \u0159idi\u010de povinnost vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z \u00a7 4 p\u00edsm. a), z\u00e1kona \u010d. 361\/2000 Sb., z\u00e1kon o provozu na pozemn\u00edch komunikac\u00edch a o zm\u011bn\u00e1ch n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f: \u201eP\u0159i \u00fa\u010dasti na provozu na pozemn\u00edch komunikac\u00edch je ka\u017ed\u00fd povinen chovat se ohledupln\u011b a uk\u00e1zn\u011bn\u011b, aby sv\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm neohro\u017eoval \u017eivot, zdrav\u00ed nebo majetek jin\u00fdch osob ani sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed\u2026,<\/strong><\/em>\u201c. Pokud b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 cesty \u0159idi\u010d vozidla jedn\u00e1 v rozporu s citovan\u00fdm ustanoven\u00edm, m\u016f\u017ee se dopou\u0161t\u011bt p\u0159estupku na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00a7 125c odst. 1 p\u00edsm. k) z. \u010d. 361\/2000 Sb. D\u00e1le ustanoven\u00ed \u00a7 15 odst. 1 z. \u010d. 250\/2016 Sb., o odpov\u011bdnosti za p\u0159estupky a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o nich, uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u201eK odpov\u011bdnosti fyzick\u00e9 osoby za p\u0159estupek se vy\u017eaduje zavin\u011bn\u00ed. Posta\u010d\u00ed zavin\u011bn\u00ed z nedbalosti<\/strong>, nestanov\u00ed-li z\u00e1kon v\u00fdslovn\u011b, \u017ee je t\u0159eba \u00famysln\u00e9ho zavin\u011bn\u00ed.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u201ene\u00famysln\u00e9ho vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee \u0159idi\u010d jedn\u00e1 v nedbalosti, proto\u017ee zde absentuje slo\u017eka v\u016fle. Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f se nab\u00edz\u00ed mo\u017enost toto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed klasifikovat jako p\u0159estupek. Jak v\u0161ak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Mgr. et Bc. Karel Cibulka<\/strong> ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku uve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9m v Trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed revue, \u010d. 10\/2017: \u201ePachatel\u00e9 t\u011bchto delikt\u016f p\u0159itom v r\u00e1mci obhajoby obvykle nam\u00edtaj\u00ed, \u017ee k uveden\u00e9mu j\u00edzdn\u00edmu man\u00e9vru byli donuceni n\u011bjakou vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okolnost\u00ed (nap\u0159. zareagovali na v\u011bc p\u0159ed vozidlem) nebo n\u011bjakou vlastn\u00ed technickou chybou. V n\u00e1vaznosti na tyto n\u00e1mitky pak v pr\u00e1vn\u00ed rovin\u011b zpravidla zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed \u00famysl jin\u00e9mu zp\u016fsobit prostou \u010di t\u011b\u017ekou \u00fajmu na zdrav\u00ed<\/em>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee situace mus\u00ed b\u00fdt d\u016fkladn\u011b p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny pro\u0161et\u0159ena. Nem\u011blo by se vych\u00e1zet jen z \u201ejedn\u00e1n\u00ed pachatele vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9ho ve zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m skutkov\u00e9m stavu, [\u2026], ale i z ostatn\u00edch rozhodn\u00fdch skutkov\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed v popisu skutku.<\/em>\u201c, jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud ve sv\u00e9m usnesen\u00ed sp. zn. 3 Tdo 1155\/2018<\/strong>.  Je nezbytn\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvat nap\u0159\u00edklad mo\u017en\u00fdm p\u0159edchoz\u00edm konfliktem mezi \u0159idi\u010di \u010di jejich chov\u00e1n\u00edm za volantem (dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dopravn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f). K tomu slou\u017e\u00ed zejm\u00e9na sv\u011bdeck\u00e9 v\u00fdpov\u011bdi, z\u00e1znamy z kamerov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \u010di znaleck\u00e9 posudky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Objasn\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto skute\u010dnost\u00ed a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed komplexn\u00edho obrazu situace je toti\u017e zcela nezbytn\u00e9 k tomu, aby soud dok\u00e1zal spr\u00e1vn\u011b vyhodnotit konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed situaci a stanovit m\u00edru zavin\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00e9ho \u0159idi\u010de, jin\u00fdmi slovy, zda \u0161lo o \u010din nedbalostn\u00ed nebo \u00famysln\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b vnit\u0159n\u00ed vztah k proveden\u00e9mu \u010dinu je pomysln\u00fd jaz\u00fd\u010dek na misk\u00e1ch vah a je zcela jist\u00e9, \u017ee odborn\u00e1 i laick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost odli\u0161n\u011b nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edpady \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9ho vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Tento \u010din ji\u017e je schopen ohrozit \u010di p\u0159\u00edmo po\u0161kodit pr\u00e1vem chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy, a to na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00famyslu \u010di nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pohnutky, \u010d\u00edm\u017e roste m\u00edra nebezpe\u010dnosti a \u0161kodlivosti pro spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prok\u00e1zan\u00e9ho \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9ho vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c se jedn\u00e1 o tak vysokou m\u00edru agresivity a ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee se postihov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159edky spr\u00e1vn\u00edho pr\u00e1va jev\u00ed i ve sv\u011btle usnesen\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 3 Tdo 1155\/2018<\/strong>, jako nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 a doch\u00e1z\u00ed tak k aplikaci p\u0159edpis\u016f trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va v souladu se z\u00e1sadou subsidiarity trestn\u00ed represe ve smyslu \u00a7 12 odst. 2 z. \u010d. 40\/2009 Sb., trestn\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u00edk (d\u00e1le jen \u201eTZ<\/strong>\u201c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak jsem ji\u017e uvedl, v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nenalezneme soust\u0159ed\u011bnou a specifickou \u00fapravu trestn\u00fdch \u010din\u016f v doprav\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 by byly konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed postihy nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch projev\u016f agresivity za volantem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navzdory tomuto faktu se m\u016f\u017ee \u0159idi\u010d vozidla sv\u00fdm nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm dopustit trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu, a to za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee napln\u00ed po\u017eadavky, kter\u00e9 stanovuje TZ. Jedn\u00e1 se o obecn\u00e9 znaky trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu a tzv. typov\u00e9 znaky specifick\u00e9ho trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu uveden\u00e9ho ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti TZ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohou nastat situace, kdy na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9ho vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c dojde k dopravn\u00ed nehod\u011b s faktick\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky na \u017eivotech, na zdrav\u00ed \u010di na majetku. Tyto p\u0159\u00edpady jsou pro posouzen\u00ed soudu p\u0159eci jen jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee zde se \u201ere\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bco stalo<\/em>\u201c. Je pochopiteln\u00e9, \u017ee pachatel je potrest\u00e1n na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u00e1sledku jeho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy mu jeho agresivn\u00ed styl j\u00edzdy jde k t\u00ed\u017ei. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed tak k aplikaci \u00a7 145, \u00a7 146, \u00a7 228 a v z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k napln\u011bn\u00ed \u00a7 272 TZ. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daleko slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se jev\u00ed situace, kdy se \u0159idi\u010d uch\u00fdl\u00ed k \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9mu vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c av\u0161ak k dopravn\u00ed nehod\u011b v\u016fbec nedojde. Jak ji\u017e bylo v\u00fd\u0161e uvedeno, Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud zaujal stanovisko, \u017ee \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9 vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c je ji\u017e vysok\u00e1 m\u00edra agresivity, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed pro spole\u010dnost \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed a osoby, kter\u00e9 se tohoto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed dopust\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt posti\u017eeny p\u0159edpisy trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Vysoce problematick\u00e1 se jev\u00ed aplikace ustanoven\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti TZ v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy se bav\u00edme pouze o hypoteticky mo\u017en\u00e9m n\u00e1sledku, o to v\u00edce v oblasti natolik specifick\u00e9, jakou je sou\u010dasn\u00e1 silni\u010dn\u00ed doprava. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud d\u016fkladn\u011b vyhodnotil hypotetick\u00fd n\u00e1sledek, ke kter\u00e9mu mohlo jedn\u00e1n\u00ed agresivn\u00edho \u0159idi\u010de v\u00e9st a v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159istupuje k aplikaci \u00a7 146 TZ, a to ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9m st\u00e1diu pokusu dle \u00a7 21 TZ<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VI. Pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud uvedl ve sv\u00e9m usnesen\u00ed sp. zn. 8 Tdo 379\/2017<\/strong>: \u201eJi\u017e tato konstelace sama o sob\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed pro re\u00e1lnou mo\u017enost vzniku dopravn\u00ed kolize<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e si v takov\u00e9 situaci lze snadno p\u0159edstavit i z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 a\u017e fat\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sledky<\/strong>. [\u2026] p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e1 jejich sr\u00e1\u017eka by bez jak\u00fdchkoliv pochybnost\u00ed znamenala v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed zdrav\u00ed i \u017eivota v\u0161ech z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch<\/strong>.<\/em>\u201c Soud zde krom\u011b z\u00e1v\u011bru o re\u00e1lnosti vzniku dopravn\u00ed kolize pouk\u00e1zal na mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky, kdy uzav\u00edr\u00e1, \u017ee pachatel musel b\u00fdt srozum\u011bn, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee ohrozit i zdrav\u00ed jin\u00e9 osoby. Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f p\u0159ikro\u010dil k v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 kvalifikaci \u010dinu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento z\u00e1v\u011br soudu ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku na epravo.cz<\/strong> kritizuje advok\u00e1t Jan Vu\u010dka<\/strong> z advok\u00e1tn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e Dvo\u0159\u00e1k Hager & Partners, s. r. o.[7]<\/sup><\/a>: \u201eJen\u017ee pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed? Zavin\u011bn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed se dovozuje z existence zavin\u011bn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di dopravn\u00ed nehod\u011b. Ov\u0161em dopravn\u00ed nehody maj\u00ed cel\u00e9 spektrum mo\u017en\u00fdch n\u00e1sledk\u016f<\/strong>; od \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho zran\u011bn\u00ed a\u017e po smrt. Pro\u010d je tedy u vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b volen pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1sledek spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v prost\u00e9 \u00fajm\u011b na zdrav\u00ed, a nikoli jin\u00fd n\u00e1sledek?<\/em>\u201c D\u00e1le ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku poukazuje na pov\u011bdom\u00ed o mno\u017estv\u00ed smrteln\u00fdch nehod na silnic\u00edch. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to teze doch\u00e1z\u00ed k ot\u00e1zce, pro\u010d nen\u00ed vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalifikov\u00e1no jako trestn\u00fd \u010din vra\u017edy dle \u00a7 140 TZ ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9m st\u00e1diu pokusu dle \u00a7 21 TZ. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud ve sv\u00e9m usnesen\u00ed sp. zn. 8 Tdo 379\/2017<\/strong> uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u201eDosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm byl tud\u00ed\u017e znaleck\u00fd posudek z oboru zdravotnictv\u00ed, odv\u011btv\u00ed soudn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, MUDr. Miroslava \u010eatka, Ph. D.<\/strong>, a v\u00fdslech tohoto znalce u hlavn\u00edho l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed, kde podrobn\u011b popsal, jak\u00e1 zran\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i nehod\u00e1ch tohoto druhu obvykle vznikaj\u00ed. S ohledem na to, \u017ee k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu zran\u011bn\u00ed nedo\u0161lo, byly z\u00e1v\u011bry tohoto znalce logicky jen teoretick\u00e9, to v\u0161ak jejich v\u00fdpov\u011bdn\u00ed hodnotu nikterak nesni\u017euje.<\/em>\u201c Lze m\u00edt za to, \u017ee soud vych\u00e1zel z faktu, \u017ee u dopravn\u00edch nehod doch\u00e1z\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji ke \u0161kod\u011b na zdrav\u00ed ne\u017e na \u017eivotech (v\u00edce statistika P\u010cR v \u00favodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti) a spolu s praktick\u00fdmi poznatky odborn\u00edka z odv\u011btv\u00ed soudn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee spravedliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je aplikace \u00a7 146 TZ, ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9m st\u00e1diu pokusu dle \u00a7 21 TZ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VII.<\/strong> \u201eJ\u00e1 je cht\u011bl je vy\u0161kolit, ne jim ubl\u00ed\u017eit\u201c V\u00e1\u017en\u011b?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro napln\u011bn\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed str\u00e1nky trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed dle \u00a7 146 TZ je podstatn\u00e9, aby pachatel jednal \u00famysln\u011b<\/strong>, av\u0161ak to samo o sob\u011b neposta\u010duje. Ve sv\u00e9m rozhodnut\u00ed \u010d. 22\/1968-I<\/strong> Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud \u010cSSR uvedl: \u201eK napln\u011bn\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed str\u00e1nky trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed podle \u00a7 221 odst. 1 tr. z\u00e1k. nesta\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee pachatel jednal \u00famysln\u011b, n\u00fdbr\u017e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee jeho \u00famysl sm\u011b\u0159oval ke zp\u016fsoben\u00ed n\u00e1sledku uveden\u00e9ho v tomto ustanoven\u00ed, tj. ke zp\u016fsoben\u00ed ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed.<\/strong><\/em>\u201c <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dle ust\u00e1len\u00e9 judikatury soudy vn\u00edmaj\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed vztah pachatele k n\u00e1sledk\u016fm jeho \u010dinnosti jako \u00famysl, a to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b \u00famysl nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd<\/strong> (eventu\u00e1ln\u00ed) dle \u00a7 15 odst. 1 p\u00edsm. b) TZ. Podstata eventu\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00famyslu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee pachatel v\u011bd\u011bl o tom, \u017ee trestn\u00fd \u010din sp\u00e1chat m\u016f\u017ee, a pro p\u0159\u00edpad, \u017ee jej sp\u00e1ch\u00e1, byl s t\u00edm srozum\u011bn. \u201eZp\u016fsoben\u00ed takov\u00e9ho n\u00e1sledku v\u0161ak nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm c\u00edlem pachatele, ani nevyhnuteln\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem (p\u0159\u00edmo ho nechce), nebo\u0165 pachatel sleduje sv\u00fdm z\u00e1m\u011brem c\u00edl jin\u00fd, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z hlediska trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va jak c\u00edlem relevantn\u00edm, tak i c\u00edlem nez\u00e1vadn\u00fdm.<\/em>\u201c (3 Tdo 257\/2018<\/strong>, 3 Tdo 1155\/2018<\/strong>). Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud ve sv\u00e9m usnesen\u00ed sp. zn. 3 Tdo 1155\/2018<\/strong>: \u201eNa takov\u00e9 srozum\u011bn\u00ed pak usuzujeme z toho, \u017ee pachatel nepo\u010d\u00edtal s \u017e\u00e1dnou konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed okolnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by mohla zabr\u00e1nit n\u00e1sledku, kter\u00fd si pachatel p\u0159edstavoval jako mo\u017en\u00fd, a to a\u0165 u\u017e by \u0161lo o jeho vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1sah, nebo o z\u00e1sah n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho.<\/em>\u201c Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee pro eventu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00famysl posta\u010d\u00ed pouh\u00e1 p\u0159edstava mo\u017enosti v\u00fdsledku, kterou pachatel uskute\u010dnil sv\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm, jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud v usnesen\u00ed sp. zn. 4 Tdo 1010\/2014<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f se judikatura Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu shoduje, \u017ee v situac\u00edch, kdy \u0159idi\u010d spol\u00e9h\u00e1 jen na \u0161\u0165astnou n\u00e1hodu (zde na v\u010dasnou reakci vybr\u017e\u010fovan\u00e9ho \u0159idi\u010de), jedn\u00e1 v eventu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00famyslu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e napl\u0148uje subjektivn\u00ed str\u00e1nku trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed dle \u00a7 146 TZ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VIII.<\/strong> A co t\u0159eba obecn\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm se stalo usnesen\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 8 Tdo 945\/2018<\/strong>. V soudem \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b do\u0161lo ze strany pachatele k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky v silni\u010dn\u00edm provozu (prudce najel do lev\u00e9ho (rychl\u00e9ho) j\u00edzdn\u00edho pruhu p\u0159ed vozidlo po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho, p\u0159esto\u017ee to nevy\u017eadovala dopravn\u00ed situace a j\u00edzdn\u00ed pruh p\u0159ed n\u00edm byl voln\u00fd, za\u010dal bezd\u016fvodn\u011b intenzivn\u011b brzdit a\u017e do \u00fapln\u00e9ho zastaven\u00ed vozidla<\/em>). Toto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo \u0159et\u011bzovou reakci intenzivn\u00edho br\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a \u00fahybn\u00fdch man\u00e9vr\u016f \u0159idi\u010d\u016f jedouc\u00edch za pachatelem. N\u00e1sledkem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pachatele bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed nezletil\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd n\u00e1sledn\u011b zran\u011bn\u00edm podlehl, dv\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u00fajmy na zdrav\u00ed, ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed a n\u011bkolik po\u0161kozen\u00fdch vozidel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soud uznal pachatele vinn\u00fdm zlo\u010dinem obecn\u00e9ho ohro\u017een\u00ed<\/strong> podle \u00a7 272 
odst. 1 alinea prvn\u00ed, odst. 2 p\u00edsm. d) TZ. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Zlo\u010dinu obecn\u00e9ho ohro\u017een\u00ed se dopust\u00ed, kdo \u00famysln\u011b zp\u016fsob\u00ed obecn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee vyd\u00e1 lidi v nebezpe\u010d\u00ed smrti nebo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u00fajmy na zdrav\u00ed nebo ciz\u00ed majetek v nebezpe\u010d\u00ed \u0161kody velk\u00e9ho rozsahu t\u00edm, \u017ee zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r nebo povode\u0148 nebo \u0161kodliv\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek v\u00fdbu\u0161nin, plynu, elekt\u0159iny nebo jin\u00fdch podobn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek nebo sil, nebo se dopust\u00ed jin\u00e9ho podobn\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, zp\u016fsob\u00ed-li takov\u00fdm \u010dinem t\u011b\u017ekou \u00fajmu na zdrav\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b dvou osob nebo smrt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soud ve sv\u00e9m usnesen\u00ed do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee pachatel se zp\u016fsobem proveden\u00ed \u010dinu, \u010dasem i m\u00edstem sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dinu a jeho povahou, zejm\u00e9na \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed prost\u0159edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 pachatel pou\u017eil, dopustil obecn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed: \u201eVyd\u00e1n\u00edm lid\u00ed v nebezpe\u010d\u00ed smrti nebo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u00fajmy na zdrav\u00ed ve smyslu znak\u016f trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu obecn\u00e9ho ohro\u017een\u00ed se rozum\u00ed takov\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b sedmi osob.<\/em>\u201c Postupn\u011b ve sv\u00e9m rozhodnut\u00ed rozvedl, \u017ee pachatel naplnil v\u0161echny znaky skutkov\u00e9 podstaty: \u201eSe z\u0159etelem na takto popsanou trestnou \u010dinnost obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud nemohl jeho dovolac\u00ed n\u00e1mitky p\u0159ijmout, jeliko\u017e ve\u0161ker\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady pro posouzen\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e9ho skutku jako\u017eto zlo\u010dinu obecn\u00e9ho ohro\u017een\u00ed podle \u00a7 272 odst. 1 alinea prvn\u00ed, odst. 2 p\u00edsm. d) tr. z\u00e1kon\u00edku byly v projedn\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u011bci evidentn\u011b spln\u011bny.<\/em>\u201c <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edpad m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit jako p\u0159\u00edklad toho, \u017ee vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vzhledem k \u010dast\u00e9 nep\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti silni\u010dn\u00edho provozu nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b eskalovat. Je to jenom dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkaz nebezpe\u010dnosti takov\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak ukazuje, \u017ee justice nen\u00ed bezbrann\u00e1 a m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt i na ulo\u017een\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch trestn\u00edch sazeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IX. Je auto zbra\u0148?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me do d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed judikatury m\u016f\u017eeme nal\u00e9zt na \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9 vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00fd pohled, a to nap\u0159\u00edklad v usnesen\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu sp. zn. 3 Tdo 648\/2009<\/strong>. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00fd opakovan\u011b p\u0159edj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bl vozidlo po\u0161kozen\u00e9 a n\u00e1sledn\u011b po za\u0159azen\u00ed zp\u011bt do j\u00edzdn\u00edho pruhu prudce a bezd\u016fvodn\u011b zabrzdil skoro do zastaven\u00ed. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud uvedl: \u201etouto hazardn\u00ed j\u00edzdou<\/em><\/strong>, tedy opakovan\u00fdm nenad\u00e1l\u00fdm zastavov\u00e1n\u00edm z bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti a j\u00edzdou tzv. \u201en\u00e1razn\u00edk na n\u00e1razn\u00edk\u201c se obvin\u011bn\u00fd sna\u017eil p\u0159inutit po\u0161kozenou k zastaven\u00ed vozidla, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00eddila, a k p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9mu nav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed kontaktu s jeho osobou<\/strong><\/em>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Obvin\u011bn\u00fd byl soudem prvn\u00ed instance odsouzen k \u00fahrnn\u00e9mu trestu odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody v trv\u00e1n\u00ed dvou let pro sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed zlo\u010dinu vyd\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed sp\u00e1chan\u00e9ho se zbran\u00ed (v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m TZ se jedn\u00e1 o \u00a7 175 odst. 2 p\u00edsm. c) ). Obvin\u011bn\u00fd se skrze sv\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho z\u00e1stupce odvolal (n\u00e1sledn\u011b podal i dovol\u00e1n\u00ed) s argumentac\u00ed, \u017ee: \u201eautomobil sice lze pova\u017eovat za zbra\u0148, av\u0161ak pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud j\u00edm pachatel \u00fato\u010dil v\u016f\u010di t\u011blu po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho<\/strong>. V posuzovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byla ov\u0161em po\u0161kozen\u00e1 zcela izolovan\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m vozidle, tak\u017ee \u00fatok v\u016f\u010di jej\u00edmu t\u011blu by nebyl d\u016frazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/em>.\u201c Na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud nejd\u0159\u00edve vyhodnotil jeho celkov\u00e9 agresivn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, na\u010de\u017e uvedl: \u201eOkolnost, \u017ee \u00fatok veden\u00fd motorov\u00fdm vozidlem, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00eddil obvin\u011bn\u00fd, nebyl veden bezprost\u0159edn\u011b v\u016f\u010di t\u011blu po\u0161kozen\u00e9, n\u00fdbr\u017e v\u016f\u010di po\u0161kozen\u00e9, kter\u00e1 sed\u011bla v jin\u00e9m motorov\u00e9m vozidle, nijak neeliminovalo \u00fa\u010dinnost pou\u017eit\u00ed motorov\u00e9ho vozidla obvin\u011bn\u00fdm jako zbran\u011b. Naopak, d\u016fsledky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho i p\u0159es tuto skute\u010dnost mohly b\u00fdt v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dopravn\u00ed nehody velmi z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 a zcela srovnateln\u00e9 s \u00fatokem sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edmo proti t\u011blu po\u0161kozen\u00e9<\/strong><\/em>.\u201c Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud dovol\u00e1n\u00ed odm\u00edtl jako zjevn\u011b neopodstatn\u011bn\u00e9, p\u0159esto pouk\u00e1zal na nebezpe\u010dnost \u201e\u00famysln\u00e9ho vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c a zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee vozidlo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech zbran\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak jsem t\u00edmto \u010dl\u00e1nkem pouk\u00e1zal, vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u0165 ji\u017e s faktick\u00fdm n\u00e1sledkem v podob\u011b dopravn\u00ed nehody \u010di bez n\u011bj, je velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a zcela jist\u011b nezodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. I p\u0159esto se za posledn\u00ed roky st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dast\u00fdm ne\u0161varem na \u010desk\u00fdch silnic\u00edch. Justice ukazuje, \u017ee spravedlnost nen\u00ed slep\u00e1 a dok\u00e1\u017ee toto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed postihovat. Za\u010d\u00edt v\u0161ak mus\u00edme ka\u017ed\u00fd s\u00e1m u sebe. Skute\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1m stoj\u00ed nezn\u00e1m\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk a p\u00e1r vte\u0159in pocitu nad\u0159azenosti za potencion\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u011bkolik let za m\u0159\u00ed\u017eemi \u010di v hor\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech za do\u017eivotn\u00ed pocit viny pro zni\u010den\u00fd lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot?  Poj\u010fme si spole\u010dn\u011b v autech rad\u011bji pustit r\u00e1dio a jin\u00fdch \u0159idi\u010d\u016f si nad m\u00edru nezbytn\u011b nutnou nev\u0161\u00edmat. Ud\u011bl\u00e1me tak nejl\u00edp pro sebe i pro sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Po\u010det \u0159idi\u010dsk\u00fdch pr\u016fkaz\u016f (\u0158P) skupiny B v roce 2017 a k 18. 9. 2018 [online]. [cit. 2020-12-09]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.mdcr.cz\/Ministerstvo\/Zadost-o-poskytnuti-informace-(1)\/Poskytnute-informace\/Pocet-ridicskych-prukazu-(RP)-skupiny-B-v-roce-201<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> INFORMACE o nehodovosti na pozemn\u00edch komunikac\u00edch v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice v roce 2019 [online]. s. 29 [cit. 2020-12-09]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.policie.cz\/soubor\/informace-o-nehodovosti-prosinec-2019-pdf.aspx<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> Celkov\u011b bylo p\u0159i dopravn\u00edch nehod\u00e1ch v roce 2019 usmrceno 547 osob.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> \u0160TIKAR, Ji\u0159\u00ed, HOSKOVEC, Ji\u0159\u00ed a \u0160MOL\u00cdKOV\u00c1, Jana. Psychologick\u00e1 prevence nehod. Karolinum, 2006, s. 91. ISBN 9788024610962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> KOT\u00c1L, Robert. Defenzivn\u00ed j\u00edzda [online]. [cit. 2020-12-09]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.defenzivnijizda.cz\/2016\/05\/31\/vybrzdovani\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> JANSA, Petr, HROM\u00c1DKA, Martin, PRESOV\u00c1, Eva, BUMBA, Jan. Agresivita za volantem roste, \u010desk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony na ni ale p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepamatuj\u00ed [online]. [cit. 2020-12-09]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.irozhlas.cz\/zpravy-domov\/agresivita-za-volantem-roste-ceske-zakony-na-ni-ale-prilis-nepamatuji_201101101939_mhromadka<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> VU\u010cKA, Jan. Vybr\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed paradoxy [online]. [cit. 2020-12-09]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.epravo.cz\/top\/clanky\/vybrzdovani-a-trestnepravni-paradoxy-106924.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anton\u00edn Vesel\u00fd, paralegal Stephen Hawking kdysi prohl\u00e1sil: \u201eAgresivita, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zlozvyk lidstva, zni\u010d\u00ed civilizaci.\u201c P\u0159i tomto cit\u00e1tu se mo\u017en\u00e1 mnoh\u00fdm z v\u00e1s vybav\u00ed krvav\u00e9 z\u00e1b\u011bry z v\u00e1lek, jin\u00fdm asi jen rann\u00ed cesta autem…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6119,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,43],"tags":[48,50],"class_list":["post-6116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-clanky","category-trestni-pravo","tag-nehoda","tag-vybrzdovani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6116"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6120,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6116\/revisions\/6120"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6119"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6116"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dg.daniellatal.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}